Child Labour

·                    Children expected to help towards family budget

·                    Often worked long hours, dangerous jobs – little wages (coal mine)

Middle Class

·                     At least one servant

·                     Servants like butlers or housekeepers

·                     Having a profession: Shopkeepers, doctors, nurses, schoolmasters, priests

·                     Only different between upper- and middle class: amount of money

·                     Upper- and middle class mingle

(tradesman à prominent upper member)

The Rich

·                     Do’s & Don’ts

·                     Social ostracism paramount

·                     Women – marriage, present husband, charity work accepted

·                     Parties, dances, visits, dressmakers, tailors

The Poor

·                     London city of poverty – “Poor East End”

·                     Millions lived in overcrowded slums

·                     25% at/below subsistence level

·                     Workhouses

·                     Many immigrants (e.g. from Ireland)

·                     Large families

·                     80% workig class

Families

·                     larger families

·                     father: head of the family

·                     wife and children had to obey him

·                     until 1882:all a woman’s property belonged to her husband

·                     1857: legalization of divorce

Colonies of England

Working and trading

World's largest manufacturing centre:
greatest port → trading all over the world (i.e. tea)
→ cafés and pubs at the port to cater
greatest financial centre
80% of the population working class
a lot of immigration(mostly from Ireland)→ overcrowding
due to industrial revolution: low wages, easy jobs in factories for the children
The Factory act of 1833
child labour laws
The 1876 Education act